A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo Essay -- Augustine Hippo

A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo is a dense, scholarly work outlining the entire life of the Catholic bishop.   The University of California Press in Berkeley, California published the work in 1967.   My version was the 1973 second paperback printing, found in the University library.   Its smallish, scholarly, serifed, typewritten font allows for a instant respect for the subject matter:   the words are at first imposing, but then revealing as their serious tone complements the complexity of the text.   The pages are studded with footnotes, filling out this work with evidence of Brown’s exhaustive research.   There is a three-page preface before the work, and, after the work, a seventeen-page bibliography, and ten-page index.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brown’s book is organized, like any scholarly biography, chronologically according to Augustine’s life.   It is separated into five parts, each corresponding to significant portions of Augustine’s life:   his pagan life, his conversion, his actions against the Donatists, his actions against Pelagians, and his final legacy and death.   Each part opens with a chronological table of events both directly involving Augustine and the world he lived in.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first part begins with â€Å"Africa,† a chapter detailing the section of northern Africa:   its Greco-Roman literary and political history, painting a picture of the world Augustine came from.   The next chapter, titled â€Å"Monica,† describes Augustine’s parents, particularly his mother, and their religious beliefs and socioeconomic status.   â€Å"Education,† the third chapter, is about the future bishop’s early education, focusing on his introduction to his favorite school subject, Latin literature.   T... ...uum:   Writing the ‘City of God,’† rather than just â€Å"City of God.†Ã‚   (This chapter is actually misprinted in the table of contents as â€Å"Opus Magnum† rather than â€Å"Magnum Opus,† a small error, but one easy enough to catch in proofreading, for this second paperback edition.   Also, Brown has a penchant for Latin or French phrases, inserted randomly to convey special meaning; this could be forgivable if they were translated or explained, even in the spacious footnotes:   they are not, leaving the layman reader frequently confused and agitated.   But, this book is not intended for the layman; it is a scholarly work, and most readers would be in his field of antiquity, and most probably know Latin, and be more acquainted with familiar French phrases.   Augustine of Hippo is not perfect, but it is an extremely good biography, being both exceedingly thorough and fully captivating.

Aphrodite/Role of Women in Illiad Essay

Throughout the many annals of Greek mythology, there have been many fascinating characters, ranging from the beginning of time with Gaia and Uranus, to their children, Cronus and his wife Rhea, through the Titanomachy, the war of the Titans versus the Gods, and finally to their children, the Olympians themselves, and the dawn of the Silver Age. Of the twelve Olympic Deities, you have five Goddesses: Hera, the queen of Olympus, Demeter, Goddess of the harvest, Aphrodite, Goddess of Love, Artemis, Goddess of the Hunt, and Athena, Goddess of Wisdom. While each of them have their own intriguing backstory, histories, and myths associated with them, there are none more fascinating than Aphrodite, the goddess of love, beauty, and sexual rapture herself. Her intrigue begins at her inception into the world of Greek Mythology. There are multiple accounts of how Aphrodite came into existence but the most widely recognized one came from Hesiod’s poem Theogony, on the origins and genealogies of the Greek Gods and Goddesses, in which much of Greek mythology is derived from. As the myth goes, when Cronus castrated his father Uranus, Uranus tossed his amputated member into the Ocean, and from the resulting foam, out came Aphrodite, fully grown in all her beauty and splendor. It is said that it is because of this lewd beginning that Aphrodite gained her erotic nature. Almost immediately after joining Olympus, Zeus’ fear quickly grew about a growing conflict between the Gods about who would be the one to take Aphrodite’s hand in marriage. Acting quickly Zeus married her off to his son Hephaestus, the God of smiths, crafters, and weavers, due to his anger towards Hera for throwing him off Olympus when he was born because of his innate unattractiveness. Aphrodite did not however take her wedding vows very seriously and took part in quite a number of affairs. Her partners ranged from Gods to mortals to include Dionysus, Hermes, Poseidon, Nerites, Anchises, Butes, Phaon and Phaethon, but her two main affairs were with, firstly Ares, the God of War, with whom she had numerous children with, mainly Eros (god of love), Phobos and Deimos (the embodiment of fear and error), Anteros (god of love returned), as well as Himerus (personification of lust), and Harmonia (goddess of Harmony). Her second main affair was with a mortal name Adonis. She had to compete with Persephone, Goddess of Spring for him, and the conflict got so heated, that Zeus believed he had to step in to resolve the issue. Jealous of Aphrodite’s love for him, it is said that Ares himself transformed into a bull and killed Adonis himself. What was blatantly obvious from the moment she walked out of the Ocean was that Aphrodite’s erotic nature and her command over love gave her immense power and control. Love, being one of the most basest of instincts, gave her a level of influence of the males of the world that set her apart from the rest of the Olympians. It was said that whenever Aphrodite spoke, even Zeus listened1. While Aphrodite definitely has a loving side to her, it is by no means her sole personality trait. Many a myth have portrayed Aphrodite, not only as jealous and vain, but also deceitful, and at times downright ruthless. When it suited her, she was known to be unapologetically treacherous and malicious, and her sway over men was often potentially deadly. The bewitching power she possessed over men very often led to their own destruction. To illustrate how deadly Aphrodite can be, we need not look no further than the Judgment of Paris. The Judgment of Paris was when Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite, came down to Earth, and with a certain influence from Eris, the God of discord, Paris was asked to choose the most beautiful between the three of them. Aphrodite, with her power over men, was of course chosen. Paris was promised the most beautiful woman in the world, and as a result, an uncountable number of men bled for his choice in the Trojan War. To exemplify her vain, jealous nature, we look to the myth of Eros and Psyche. Jealous of Psyche’s beauty, she sent a plague to her homeland and said the only way to rid the land of plague is to sacrifice Psyche. As soon as Eros laid eyes on her, he fell in love and saved her from the sacrifice and married her. Even though they were married, Eros would never let Psyche lay her eyes on him. One night to satisfy her (and her two sisters) curiosity, she snuck into his chambers and accidentally woke him. Irate and disobeyed, Eros fled. Driven by love, Psyche implored Aphrodite to give her another chance, but with ulterior motives in mind, Aphrodite agreed. Psyche was forced to complete a series of nearly impossible tasks, culminating in Psyche having to go to the Underworld and retrieve a box of Persephone’s beauty cream. Upon opening the box, Psyche fell into a coma, at which point at Zeus’ command, Eros brought Psyche up to Olympus and made her immortal. In regards to certain Olympians, the power and influence they possess and exert is apparent as the light of day. Two very evident examples are firstly Zeus, the king of the Gods, and Poseidon, the lord of the seas. With goddesses like Aphrodite, her power isn’t always as clear. Instead of obvious supremacy over the physical realm, Aphrodite has command over man’s more basic instincts. This in many ways, can be much more dangerous, and is abundantly clear when she seems to give immortal Gods a very bone-chilling mortal side. Topic #13) Discuss the role of women in the Iliad by Homer. Masculinity in ancient Greece was one of the most highly regarded character traits a human being could possess. Men in Greece were expected to be tough, cold, and exude power with not an over abundance of rules and a lot of wants and desires. Women on the other hand were, for the most part, to be treated and kept like slaves. Ladies were viewed as property by their male opposite numbers, and their function outside of the home were severely limited and confined to religious activities. Sardonically, this same people that revered Goddesses. Goddesses were to take part in the glory of war, and were able to abide by their own rules. That is the case for Goddesses in the Odyssey by Homer. While most to all women are treated as second hand citizens, there are many different types of women portrayed in the Iliad. There are resolutely willed women, clever women, damsels in distress, evil and vengeful women, and women that could potentially bring about the downfall of the protagonist male hero. Among those there are also women who are shown as the spoils of war. The true irony is that while the story is predominantly about conflicts in the male dominated world, the cause and inspiration of these conflicts is usually the opposite sex itself, women. The women in the Iliad can, for the most part be separated into several groups. In the first group, you have the women who are specifically portrayed as less than human and are more property than anything else. The most prominent example for this is the case of Briseis and Chryseis. While it may seem both characters are merely â€Å"war prizes† to be won by the opposing side, their impact is a little less obvious and a little more mercurial. Neither of these two women have any sort of power (physical, political, magical, etc. ), however their breathtaking beauty simply influences men to keep on going to war for them. When Apollo blighted the invading forces with a plague, cursed to ravage the Greeks until Chryseis was give back to her Trojan father, Agamemnon proclaimed to Achilles that if he gives Chryseis back to the Trojans, he shall take Bryseis, Achilles’ war prize as his own. So angry Achilles was with his king, that he withdrew from battle and allowed the Greek forces at the mercy of the Trojans. This shows how great the power a woman’s beauty can behold, and how simple it is for them to take advantage of man’s baser instincts. Helen of Troy is another example of the sway that beauty has over the male gender. Because of her abduction and her complicit role with Paris and Troy against Menelaus and the Spartans, the Trojan war was sparked and both nations paid dearly as a result. Eventually though, it was made clear that she deeply regretted her decision to leave for Troy and despised herself and Paris for allowing so many to die so that they could simply be together. Of all the female characters in the Iliad, none play more idealistic of a role than Andromache, Hector’s wife. While she doesn’t have multiple men killing each other over her, she no less plays an important role. Andromache can be described as the anti Helen. Hector is the one man in all of the Iliad who loves and adores his wife. She was his main motivation for defeating the Greeks, for he knew what would happen to her and his son should the Greeks claim victory over them. She is the perfect example of your ideal housewife. Her two goals are to raise their child and to keep her husband happy. The next group of women are those who would be described as having a much darker side. The ones who, for example, use their beauty and sexuality as a weapon. The most blatant character who’s guilty of such action is Aphrodite, the goddess of sexual manipulation herself. Starting with the judgment of Paris, where she seduced Paris into choosing her as the most beautiful Goddess over Athena and Hera with the promise of giving him the most beautiful woman in the world. As a result, the Trojan War was started. The next woman that falls under this category is Calypso, the daughter of Titan Atlas. When Odysseus was washed up on her shore, she immediately fell in love with him. Calypso enchants Odysseus to and forces him to stay with her for the next seven years, in which, by certain accounts, Calypso bore him three children, Latinus, Nausithous, and Nausinous. He was not able to leave until Hermes came to Calypso with a directive from Zeus to let him go free. These characters reinforce the stereotype that women have no physical power, but can very easily seduce men and manipulate them with their beauty and sexual nature. The final female character of significance in the Iliad is Athena. As the patron goddess to Odysseus, it is her duty to protect him and his family and steer him in the proper direction when he goes off course in life. Without her guidance, Odysseus’ son Telemachus would have most likely given up on his father and allowed Penelope, Odysseus’ wife to marry one of her suitors. Under the guise of Mentes, the advise that Telemachus receives from her plays an incredibly significant role in his development as a man. On top of that, on multiple occasions, Athena saves Odysseus’ life from Poseidon, whom he angered with his arrogance after the victory at Troy. This benevolent role that she plays is reserved for specifically female goddesses. While mortal women are seen as weak, even the more evil ones, the female Goddesses boast being able to wield as much power as the males Gods. While most mortal women in the Iliad are stereotyped to a fault, there are still a small number, such as Andromache and Penelope, that give ancient Greek women a sense of dignity. The goddesses’ story is something else entirely. While mortal women are stuck as mere housewives, the goddesses are viewed as equals from the male counterparts. It can be argued that the power that goddesses like Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite wield matches that of Poseidon and Hades. The respect that goddesses command can be seen when Athena had the city of Athens named after her over Poseidon. However. overcoming that lay before him and with much help needed from certain people around him, Odysseus finally made it home.

Definition and Examples of World English

The term World English (or World Englishes) refers to the  English language as it is variously used throughout the world. Its also known as international English and global English. The English language is now spoken in more than 100 countries. Varieties of World English include American English, Australian English, Babu English, Banglish, British English, Canadian English, Caribbean English, Chicano English, Chinese English, Denglish (Denglisch), Euro-English, Hinglish, Indian English, Irish English, Japanese English, New Zealand English, Nigerian English, Philippine English, Scottish English, Singapore English, South African English, Spanglish, Taglish, Welsh English, West African Pidgin English, and Zimbabwean English. In an article titled Squaring Circles, in the International Journal of Applied Linguistics, linguist Braj Kachru has divided the varieties of World English into three concentric circles: inner, outer, and expanding. Although these labels are imprecise and in some ways misleading, many scholars would agree with [academic author and writer,] Paul Bruthiaux, [Ph.D.,] that they offer a useful shorthand for classifying contexts of English worldwide. Kachru also provides a simple graphic of the circle model of World Englishes in the slideshow,  World Englishes: Approaches, Issues, and Resources. Author Henry Hitchings notes in his book, The Language Wars, that the term world English is still in use, but is contested by critics who believe it strikes too strong a note of dominance. A Phase in the History of English World English has been defined as a phase in the history of the English language. This phase has witnessed the transformation of English from the mother tongue of a handful of nations to a language being used by far more speakers in non-mother tongue settings. The changes that have accompanied this spread—the multiplicity of varieties—result not from the faulty and imperfect learning of the non-mother tongue speakers, but from the nature of the process of microacquisition, language spread and change, says Janina Brutt-Griffler in her book World English. Standardized Patterns In the introduction to the book, English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni point out: The global spread of English, its causes and consequences, have long been a focus of critical discussion. One of the main concerns has been that of standardization. This is also because, unlike other international languages such as Spanish and French, English lacks any official body setting and prescribing the norms of the language. This apparent linguistic anarchy has generated a tension between those who seek stability of the code through some form of convergence and the forces of linguistic diversity that are inevitably set in motion when new demands are made on a language that has assumed a global role of such immense proportions.One consequence of the global predominance that English has gained over the last few decades is that today non-native speakers of English far outnumber its native speakers (Graddol 1997, Crystal 2003). In the Oxford Guide to World English, Tom McArthur says, [A]lthough world English is varied, certain varieties and registers are fairly tightly controlled, often through standardized patterns of use.... Thus, there is a marked uniformity in the following areas: AirportsIn the public usage of international airports, where, on signboards, English is often twinned with other languages, and announcements are commonly in English or are multilingual including English. Newspapers and periodicalsEnglish-language broadsheet newspapers and magazine-style periodicals, in which the texts are tightly edited... Broadcast mediaThe programming of CNN, the BBC, and other especially TV news-and-views services, in which presentational formulas and formats are at least as crucial as in newspapers. Computer use, email, and the internet/webIn such computer and internet services as those offered by Microsoft.... Teaching World English From Liz Fords article in The Guardian, UK Must Embrace Modern English, Report Warns: The UK needs to abandon its outdated attitudes to English and embrace new forms of the language to maintain its influence in the global market, the left-wing think tank Demos said today.In a series of recommendations, the report, As you like it: Catching up in an age of global English, says that far from being corruptions of English, new versions of the language, such as Chinglish and Singlish (Chinese and Singaporean varieties of English) have values that we must learn to accommodate and relate to.It says the UK should focus English teaching on how the language is now used around the world, not according to arcane strictures of how it should be spoken and written....The reports authors, Samuel Jones and Peter Bradwell, say change is vital if the UK wants to maintain its influence around the world....We have retained ways of thinking about the English language that were more suited to empire than they are to a modern, globalised world, and we are at risk of becoming outdated, says th e report. Sources Bruthiaux, Paul. Squaring the Circles. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, vol. 13, no. 2, 2003, pp. 159-178. Brutt-Griffler, Janina. World English: A Study of Its Development. Multilingual Matters, 2002. Ford, Liz. UK Must Embrace Modern English, Report Warns. The Guardian [UK], 15 March, 2007. Hitchings, Henry. The Language Wars: A History of Proper English. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2011. Kachru, Braj B. â€Å"World Englishes: Approaches, Issues, and Resources,† p. 8, SlideShare. McArthur, Tom. The Oxford Guide to World English. Oxford University Press, 2002. Rubdy, Rani and Mario Saraceni. â€Å"Introduction.† English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles, edited by Rani Rubdy and Mario Saraceni, Continuum, 2006.

Literature Review on Performance Appraisal - 1844 Words

Interview : Salery Negotiations General Interview Tips And Tricks Salary negotiation is more of an art than a science. It usually is one of the most neglected and under-rated aspects of a Job search. I have heard quite a few people say, I just want to get my foot in the door, and I dont care about how much they pay me to start with. Once I am in, I can get good raise etc. In my opinion, dont ever make that mistake. It just doesnt work that way. Do not accept a position at a salary lower than you know you are worth with the hopes of big raises in the future. The article below by Lee Miller is the best article I have found on this subject. He has also written a book, Get More Money on Your Next Job, which is very interesting and an†¦show more content†¦You may be the only qualified candidate to have made it through the interview process, and the company would like to hire someone quickly. Similarly, if you have been able to defer discussing compensation until the company has determined you are the best candidate for the job, your bargaining position will be greatly strengthened. These are enviable positions to be in. On the other hand, you may in fact be one of several candidates the company is considering, any one of whom it would be happy to hire. Under those circumstances, compensation may be the key factor in determining who gets the job. Sizing up the situation and understanding the relative position of each of the parties to the negotiations will help you determine when to press your advantage and when to back off. Commandment 5: Never Lie, but Use the Truth to Your Advantage Honesty is important. If you lie during the negotiations, sooner or later you are likely to be caught. Once you are caught lying, you lose all credibility. Even if you dont lose the job, you will be placed at a tremendous disadvantage, and your future credibility on the job will be undermined. On the other hand, total candor will not be rewarded. You are not required to answer a specific question directly unless the answer helps your position. You can determine what you want to say and how you want to say it. One element of preparation is to understand those areas which may be problematic soShow MoreRelatedPerformance Appraisals: To Go Or Not To Go?. Introduction.1723 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Appraisals: To Go or Not to Go? Introduction Performance appraisals (PA) have long been considered fundamental to the organisational effectiveness of human resources (Yee Chen, 2009). However, a macro shift towards a knowledge-based economy, the advancement of technology, and generational workforce changes, have prompted an evolution of the traditional PA practise. 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Managerial Accounting Review Ch 8 12 - 1760 Words

Agenda – Submit term projects to TURNITIN ASAP – Assignment #2 due April 1st 1159pm †¢ List the coauthor’s name in the subject line. †¢ Teaching Evaluation †¢ Transfer pricing (cont.) – Stanco Inc. †¢ Review chapters 11 and 12 the practice final – Practice Q1 and Q2 †¢ Review chapters 8 and 9 and the practice final – Practice Q3 and Q4 ACTG 2020 Week 11 1 †¢ Online Course Evaluations (ONCE)/ Seymour Schulich Teaching Excellence Awards (Schulich TEA) – TEA: http://schulich.yorku.ca/tea. – ONCE: http://courseevaluations.yorku.ca †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ ACTG 2020 2020 class: Sylvia Hsu 2020 R (2:30pm): Lab, Marisa Morriello 2020 V (8:30am): Lab, Marisa Morriello 2020 W (11:30am): Lab, Iva Charlopova Week 11 2 Stanco Inc. †¢ Groups in the Right:†¦show more content†¦3. Using full cost as a transfer price and can lead to ACTG 2020 Week 11 suboptimization. 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First, individuals and groups that had rarely shown any interest in the setting of accounting standards began to intervene actively and powerfullyRead MoreManaging Strategy6237 Words   |  25 Pages20th December, 2011 Contents Financial Management and Analysis 3 Module Description 4 Learning Outcomes 3 Indicative Content 3 Indicative Reading List 4 Sample Questions 6-12 Strategic Information Management 14 Module Description 14 Learning Outcomes 14 Indicative Content 14 Indicative Reading List 15 Sample Questions 16-17 Business Research Methodologies 18 Module

Human Resource Management - Critical Analysis free essay sample

Human resource management Individual Minor Paper (Critical analysis of a current HRM issue) Introduction This thesis aims to identify how employees’ perceived justice (or fairness) of performance appraisals influence their effectiveness and usefulness for an organization’s performance management system by critically evaluating the existing knowledge of appraisal provided by researchers. It contains an analysis of similarities and differences in the points of view presented by researchers and an explanation of why these similarities and differences are influential. Next, it provides a discussion of HRM’s role in the management of this particular issue. This thesis also attempts to move beyond the narrow strictures in which performance appraisal is presently conceptualized, explores gaps in researches and wider issues relating to performance management, and provides important implications for other organizations. Performance appraisal is a human resource management tool that evaluates the quality of a worker’s performance, and it has received much attention for more than seven decades. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resource Management Critical Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Employees’ perceived justice of performance appraisals has been identified as an important criterion in judging the effectiveness of their organization (Kavanagh, Benson, and Brown 2007). Many researchers have begun undertaking studies on this issue from very early periods such as Jacobs, Kafry, and Zedeck in 1980. However, these researches may seem to be lacking of persuasion because they are old results with limited resources and deficient theoretical basis.

Modern Entertainment Essay Example

Modern Entertainment Paper Entertainment and its modes has been evolving over the ages but the oldest form of entertainment has been that of court jesters. They were in reality buffoons, who were paid to serve rulers and keep them in good humor. Besides royalty, the common man also had his own forms of entertainment, be it wrestling, watching pageants or the early form of crude theatre. They also entertained each other with animals like dog racing, horse racing, bull fighting, and even ram and cock fighting, on which bets were placed. This forum of entertainment was bloody and gory, with added adventure of gambling. As the forums evolved with the creativity of the human brain , they became more and more sophisticated, but the basics always remained the same and will retain so in the future. The crude court jesters gave away to polished dialogues written by experts, which they mouthed as actors, in comedy. But the earlier form remains quite the same ,as seen in the acts of clowns in circuses, still touring the country. Todays modern entertainment, although retaining the basics of the earlier ages, have been transformed mainly to advanced scientific invocations. Thus the theaters of yesteryears are now present in totally , over several episodes of television. The presentation has become more refined with story , dialogues and realistic acting to conform the taste of the modern man. This has a lot of on the minds young and impressionable and television has become a powerful medium for presentation , of not only soap operas but also of party ideologies , education visual knowledge and of natural science. Of course all of this has led to advancement of general knowledge, which is why present generations is more knowledgeable than their fore fathers. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Entertainment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Entertainment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cinema is another medium of entertainment , through feature films. This may be based on mythology, stories written by famous authors, biographies of leaders or incidents which have led to a change in our world or social structure. Cinema has been very helpful in lucidly narrating the events of the world wars. This has enabled us to gather knowledge of the disasters of war, of the holocausts, like the dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The war between USA and Vietnam is also there for us to see and experience. The terrifying misery of these wars come alive in the movie theaters or even over television , cautioning the younger generations of the consequences. There are also the negative aspects of these mediums too, like the violence depicted in feature films ,which are confused with bravery by the viewers . The level of indecency has also gone up due to the titillating sexually explicit scenes shown in movies. This in manner where less intelligent viewers feels that these become acceptable in the society of today. This is not true and one of the negative impacts of modern entertainment. Radio is also another form of modern entertainment , with its F. M bands broadcasting music , and transmission as if it were being herd live . This advancement has lead to a level of clarity , which is pleasant to the ears of the course depending on the branch of music , has the power the power to invigorate or soothe tired minds. Adventure is another form of modern entertainment which is mainly for the physically fit. Be it any branch of sports , achievements in this field are such that top performers today are looked up to by lesser mortals who pay to see them perform. Lucky are those persons who have chosen this form of entertainment as their profession . The added advantage is that they get handsomely paid to do what they enjoy doing. Examples of top basketball player, cricketers, tennis, golfers, and footballers are just few of the streams , where they are highly paid and have become extremely rich.